Early batteries were reserved for commercial use only, such as telecommunications, signaling, portable lighting and war activities. Today, batteries have become a steady travel companion of the public at large to reach a friend, they allow working outside the confines of four walls, provide entertainment when time permits and enable personal transportation. Best of all, batteries help in missions when people are in need.
Folks are eager to learn more about this wonderful portable energy device and one of the most common questions asked is, “What can I do to prolong the life of my battery?” Table 1 addresses how to care for your batteries to meet their needs. Because of similarities within the different battery families, the table addresses the needs and wants of only the most common systems by keeping in mind that these desires extend to almost all batteries in use.
Keep a battery at a moderate temperature. As food stays fresher when refrigerated, so also does cool temperature protect the battery by reducing internal corrosion.
Avoid deep cycling. Each cycle wears the battery down by a small amount and a partial discharge is better than a full discharge. When possible, only apply a full discharge to calibrate a smart battery and to prevent “memory” on nickel-based batteries. Li-ion is maintenance-free and the battery lasts longest when operating between 30 and 80 percent SoC.
Avoid abuse. Like a machine that wears down quicker under strenuous work, so also is a battery stressed by harsh discharges and rapid charges. Use cells that are optimized for the power and energy requirements as per application and increase that pack size to minimize load-related stresses.
Avoid ultra-fast charge. Charge Li-ion Energy Cells at less than 1C (below rated Ah); Power Cells are more rugged and can be charged and discharged at a higher rate. NiCd is the only battery that can be fast charged up to 70 percent SoC without adverse side-effects.
Store Li-ion at partial charge in a cool place. The worst combination is high voltage and elevated temperature. Store Li-ion at approximately 50 percent SoC.
| Lead acid | Nickel-based | Lithium-ion |
How should I prepare a new battery? | Battery comes fully charged. Apply topping charge | Charge 14–16h. Priming may be needed to format | Apply a topping before use. No priming needed |
Can I damage | Yes, do not store partially charged, keep fully charged | Battery is robust and the performance will improve with use | Keep partially charged. Low charge can turn off protection circuit |
Do I need to apply a full charge? | Yes, partial charge causes sulfation, | Partial charge is fine | Partial charge better than a full charge |
Can I disrupt the charge cycle? | Yes, partial charge causes no harm | Repeat charges can cause heat buildup | Partial charge |
Should I use up | No, deep discharge wears battery down. Charge more often | Apply scheduled discharges only to prevent memory | Deep discharge wears the battery down |
Do I have to worry about “memory”? | No, there is no memory | Discharge NiCd every 1–3 months | No memory |
How do I calibrate a “smart” battery? | Not applicable | Apply discharge/charge when the fuel gauge gets inaccurate. Repeat every 1–3 months | |
Can I charge with the device on? | Avoid load if possible | Parasitic load can alter full-charge detection and overcharge battery or cause mini-cycles | |
Do I remove the battery when full? | Charger switches to float charge | Remove after a few days in charger | Not necessary; charger turns off |
How do I store | Keep cells above 2.10V; charge | Store in cool place; can be stored fully discharged | Store in cool place partially charged |
Does battery heat up on charge? | Lukewarm towards end of charge | Warm but must cool down when ready | Must stay cool or slightly warm |
How do I charge when cold? | Slow charge (0.1): 0–45°C (32–113°F) | Do not charge | |
Can I charge at hot temperatures? | Lower threshold by 3mV/°C above 25°C | Battery will not fully charge when hot | Do not charge |
What should I know about chargers? | Charger should float at 2.25–2.30V/cell when ready | Battery should not get too hot; should include temp sensor | Battery must stay cool; no trickle charge when ready |